Abstract :Medial tibial stress syndrome occurs across many types of sports that involve running. It is a common injury with an unclear etiology. Thus, it is difficult to prevent and to treat when we do not yet understand how the injury occurs. Since 2012, there have been several research studies investigating different aspects of MTSS. The purpose of this paper is present the most impactful research evidence to date regarding the etiology, diagnosis, risk factors, and treatment of MTSS.